A wani lokaci, Arizona an san shi a duniya kamar jinkiri ga wadanda ke fama da matsaloli na numfashi. Tare da cututtukan da ke fama da cutar tarin fuka zuwa tarin fuka, marasa lafiya sun taso zuwa yankin domin taimako.
Brown Cloud
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990, mazaunan kwarin rana sun nemi taimako daga kansu. An san cewa, "Cloud Cloud", kamar yadda aka sani, ya rufe yankin Phoenix a cikin masu gurbataccen abu a kusan shekara guda, inda ya baiwa Maricopa County lakabin mafi kyawun iska a duk fadin duniya.
A cewar rahoton kungiyar "State of Air 2005", kimanin mutane miliyan 2.6, ko 79%, na mazauna mazauna gari suna da haɗari ga rashin lafiyar jiki saboda yanayin iska. Daga cikin waɗanda suke hadari akwai mazauna da ciwon sukari, mashako, cututtukan zuciya, da kuma ciwon sukari.
Abin da ke haifar da matsalar matsalar Air na Phoenix
Ga mafi yawancin, Brown Cloud ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyi na carbon da nitrogen dioxide gas. Wadannan abubuwa an saka su a cikin iska mafi yawa daga konewa da kayan hawan burbushin halittu. Cars, gine-gine masu gina jiki, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, masu yin furanni na gas, masu faɗakarwa, da kuma karin taimako ga girgije kullum.
Yayinda wasu yankunan da ke kusa da kasar suna da irin wannan fasahar man fetur ba tare da bayyana bayanan ba, yanayin wurin, yanayin yanayi, da kuma ci gaba da sauri wanda ke jawo hankulan mazauna da baƙi a wannan yanki kuma yana taimakawa tarko akan abubuwan da suka dace da gas.
Da dare, wani ɓangaren haɓakawa a kan kwari.
Kamar yadda yake tare da kowane hamada, iska ta kusa kusa da ƙasa tana da sauri fiye da sama sama. Duk da haka, ba kamar sauran raguwa ba, iska mai sanyi sai ta motsa cikin saman iska mai nisa daga yammacin duwatsu masu kewaye.
A sakamakon haka, iska tayi kusa da ƙasa a cikin kwari, iska wadda take dauke da mafi yawan masu gurbatawa a yankin, yada.
Yayinda wuraren da hamada ke cikewa a cikin rana, lamarin ya tashi ya zama wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda ke fadada yayin da rana ta ci gaba.
Cikin dukanin rana, iska ta canja cikin kwari yana haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin Brown Cloud. Daga tsakiyar rana, girgijen yana matsa zuwa gabas. Da duk faɗuwar rana, sake zagayowar farawa gaba ɗaya.
Taron Kayan Gudun Girma na Cloud
A watan Maris 2000, Gwamnan Jihar Tarayya, Jane Hull, ya kafa Gwamna Brown Cloud Summit, wani kwamiti na 'yan siyasa da' yan kasuwa, wanda aka sadaukar da su don sake farfadowa da kwarin Valley har zuwa lokacin da ya fara bayyana. An gudanar da taron ne a cikin watanni goma, a matsayin jagoran da masanin kimiyya da tsohon shugaban Majalisar Dattijai Ed Phillips. Bisa ga rahoton karshe na taron kolin Cloud Cloud, tsarin da aka bayyana a sama ba kawai ya ɓoye tsaunukan da ke kewaye da kwarin ba, har ma yana taimakawa ga mafi girma daga cikin matsalolin lafiya, musamman magunguna na ciki kamar haɗari da kuma asma, wanda ya fi yadda ya dace ƙwayoyin mace-mace daga cututtukan zuciya da na huhu.
Menene Dole ne A Yi Don inganta Phoenix Air Quality
Taron na Ƙaddamar ta ƙaddamar da cewa kawai wata yarjejeniya mai amfani za ta rage ko kawar da Cloud Cloud. Na farko, wajibi ne mazaunan yankin Phoenix su fahimci abubuwan da ke haifar da lalata iska. Bayan haka, tare da haɗin kai da kamfanoni na gida da kuma wakilai zaɓaɓɓu, dole ne su rage yawan gabatar da gurbataccen abu a cikin iska ta hanyar hanyoyin da za a ba da son rai.
Masu zaman kansu da kuma masu kasuwanci suna iya yin aiki ta hanyar misali, rage sakonnin ta hanyar sadarwa, haɗin kai, da kuma karfafawa da / ko tallafawa yin amfani da hanyoyin shiga cikin gida tare da tsarin yin amfani da wutar lantarki mai zuwa a Phoenix da yankunan kewaye.
Sauran matakai sun hada da gyaran motoci da gyaran motocin da mafi yawan na'urorin haɓakaccen iska ko tsarin samar da man fetur da sayen kayan aiki masu tsafta don kasuwancin kasuwanci da na gwamnati.
Masu sarrafa motocin sun amsa ga bukatar motocin "greener" ta hanyar samar da matasan da zasu iya aiki a kan wutar lantarki ko gasoline, da kuma motoci da ke dauke da gas mai kwakwalwa (CNG) ko biodiesel da aka yi daga kayan albarkatu kamar su man fetur da waken soya.
Bincike a cikin yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta na hydrogen wadanda ke kawo ruwa ne kawai amma ba a sa ran zai haifar da wata mota mai amfani, wanda zai iya amfani da shi a cikin shekaru masu yawa.
Dokokin da suka dace kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage masu gurɓata yankin. An kafa matakan mota da masana'antu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa don biyan shawarwarin taron da tsarin kula da muhalli na tarayya (EPA).
An yi amfani da masana'antun da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar rage ƙwayar smokestack. Manoma da kamfanoni masu haɓaka dole ne su hadu da ka'idodin ƙurar ƙurarru don ƙaddamar da matakan.
An inganta ingantaccen Air Phoenix Tun 2000?
A cewar EPA, iska ta Phoenix ta cigaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma kamfanin ya bawa Maricopa County "Bayanin Ƙaddamar" a watan Mayun 2005 domin sake cin zarafi a cikin watanni na gaba da aka tsara a cikin shekarun 1990 na tsabtace iska. Dokar Air. Duk da yake ana cigaba da nazarin bayanai har shekara ta 2005, a shekara ta 2004 Maricopa County ta kaddamar da irin wadannan laifuffuka.
A sakamakon haka, EPA ya ba da umurni cewa dole ne a raba ta da kashi 5% a kowace shekara bisa ga matakan da ake ciki yanzu. Wadanda aka yanke za a tilastawa har sai hukumar tarayya ta gamsu da wasu ka'idojin kiwon lafiya. Jami'ai na gida har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2007 don gabatar da shirin su ga EPA don su sadu da waɗannan sababbin ka'idoji.
Ma'aikatan Maricopa County sun kira 2005 "mafi munin halin iska a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar" a cewar rahoton Janairu 2006 a "Jamhuriyar Arizona." Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Arizona (ADEQ) Daraktan Steve Owens ya ce matsalar gurbataccen iska a lokacin hunturu na shekarar 2005 ya kasance "irin launi na Cloud Cloud on steroids."
Mafi Rashin Kwafi a Phoenix
Bisa ga kamfanin Maricopa County Air Quality Department, kwanan nan mafi yawan masu aikata laifuka da ke taimaka wa yankunan da ke cikin kimar iska sun kasance masu zama masu gina gidaje wadanda suka biya daruruwan dubban dalar Amurka a cikin lalata da kuma yarda lalacewar a cikin shekara ta gabata.
Kamfanoni, kamfanoni masu kamfani, da kuma wasu da dama sun maciji da sashen na wasu laifuka.
Bugu da ƙari, na yin gyare-gyaren masu zuba jari a masana'antu, Jami'ai na jihar suna kaiwa ga 'yan ƙasa na yankin suyi aikin su don tsaftace iska. Shawarar sun hada da kiyaye motocin da aka tanada da kuma tafiyar da kyau, rage da haɗuwa da tafiye-tafiye, ta yin amfani da sufuri na jama'a, da kuma guje wa amfani da katako na itace ko na cikin gida a lokacin bincike mai zurfi, wanda aka fi sani da "kwanakin wuta". Mazauna zasu iya kira (602) 506-6400 kowane lokaci don saƙonni a cikin Turanci da kuma Mutanen Espanya wanda ke nuna ƙayyadaddun katako na itace na tsawon lokaci.
Ƙarin dokoki za a iya la'akari da su na Maricopa County ciki har da yin amfani da matakan hawa da masana'antun masana'antu da ka'idojin ƙura da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙonawar wuta a waje. Ƙauyuka na iya la'akari da ƙuntatawa akan ƙuƙwalwar bidiyo da kuma sauran hanyoyin maganin gurɓataccen abu wanda ba'a riga an tsara shi ba.
Ganin gaba
A halin yanzu, mazauna mazaunan yankin da baƙi za su ci gaba da magance matsalar lafiyar Brown Cloud ta hanyar yin abin da zasu iya hada da zama a cikin gida a duk lokacin da ake amfani da shawarwari na iska a cikin yankin kuma ziyarci likitocin su ko ɗakin hutun asibiti lokacin da numfashi ya zama tasiri .
A farkon karni na 20, kwandon rana mai tsafta na Sun ya zama magani na mujiji ga waɗanda ke fama da ciwo na numfashi. Duk da yake yankin bazai zama kamar yadda yake da kyau kamar yadda yake ba, zai iya zama mai tsabta a karni na 21 tare da taimakon yankunan da yankunan yankin. Wannan zai taimaka wa duk wanda ya kira yankin "gida" yana numfasawa sauƙi.