Ko da bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 2013, tsohon shugaban Afirka ta kudu Nelson Mandela yana girmama shi a duniya kamar daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka fi ƙauna a zamaninmu. Ya yi amfani da shekarunsa na shekaru da yawa don yaki da bambancin launin fata da gwamnatin mulkin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta dauka, wanda aka tsare shi shekaru 27. Bayan da aka saki shi da kuma karshen karshen wariyar launin fata, an zabe shi Mandela a matsayin shugaban kasa na fari na Afirka ta kudu.
Ya kaddamar da lokacinsa a warkar da rabuwar Afrika ta kudu, da kuma inganta harkokin kare hakkin bil adama a duniya.
Yara
An haifi Nelson Mandela ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 1918 a Mvezu, wani ɓangare na yankin Transkei na lardin Cape Verde na Afirka ta kudu. Mahaifinsa, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, shi ne babban gari da kuma dan asalin Thembu; Mahaifiyarsa, Nosekeni Fanny, ita ce ta uku na matan hudu na Mphakanyiswa. An haifi Mandela Rohlilahla, sunan Xhosa da aka fassara shi a matsayin "matsala"; An ba shi sunan Nelson na Turanci daga malamin a makarantar firamare.
Mandela ya girma a cikin ƙauyen mahaifiyarsa Qunu har zuwa shekara tara, lokacin da mutuwar mahaifinsa ya jagoranci shi ta hanyar da Thembu regent Jongintaba Dalindyebo ya dauka. Bayan da ya karbi Mandela, Mandela ya fara karatun Xhosa na gargajiya kuma ya shiga cikin makarantu da kwalejoji, daga Cibiyar Binciken Clarkebury a Jami'ar Jami'ar Fort Hare.
A nan, ya shiga cikin harkokin siyasa, wanda ya dakatar da shi. Mandela ya bar koleji ba tare da kammala karatu ba, kuma daga bisani ya gudu zuwa Johannesburg domin ya tsere daga auren aure.
Siyasa - Ƙunni na Farko
A Johannesburg, Mandela ya kammala BA ta Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu (UNISA) kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Wits.
An kuma gabatar da shi ga Babban Taro na Afirka (ANC), wani bangare mai adawa da mulkin mallaka wanda ya yi imani da wata Afirka mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta, ta hanyar sabon abokinsa Walter Sisulu. Mandela ya fara rubuta takardu ga kamfanin likitancin Johannesburg, kuma a shekarar 1944 ya kafa kungiyar matasa ta ANC tare da dan takarar Oliver Tambo. A 1951, ya zama shugaban kungiyar matasa, kuma bayan shekara guda, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban ANC na Transvaal.
1952 shi ne shekara mai wuya ga Mandela. Ya kafa kamfanin lauya na farko na kasar Afirka ta Kudu da Tambo, wanda zai zama shugaban ANC. Har ila yau, ya zama daya daga cikin gine-gine na Kungiyar 'Yan Matasa ta Jakadanci don kare Shari'a, wani shiri na rashin biyayya ga jama'a. Ayyukansa sun haifar da shi na farko da aka dakatar da shi a karkashin Dokar Dokar Dokar Kwaminisanci. A shekara ta 1956, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda ake zargin 156 da ake zargi da cin amana a cikin gwajin da aka gabatar a kusan kusan shekaru biyar kafin ya fadi.
A halin yanzu, ya ci gaba da aiki a bayan al'amuran don ƙirƙirar manufofin ANC. An kame shi kuma an dakatar da shi daga halartar tarurrukan jama'a, sau da yawa ya yi tafiya a cikin rikici kuma an sanya sunayensa don kaucewa masu sanar da 'yan sanda.
Rundunar 'Yan Tawaye
Bayan bin kisan kiyashin da ake yi a Sharpeville na shekarun 1960, an dakatar da ANC kuma ra'ayoyin Mandela da wasu abokansa sunyi taƙama cikin imani cewa kawai makamai ne kawai zai isa.
Ranar 16 ga watan Disambar 1961, an kafa sabuwar ƙungiya mai suna Umkhonto we Sizwe ( Spear of the Nation). Mandela ne babban kwamandansa. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, sun dauki nauyin hare-haren 200 kuma suka aika da mutane 300 a waje don horar da sojoji - ciki har da Mandela kansa.
A 1962, aka kama Mandela a lokacin da ya dawo ƙasar kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku don tafiya ba tare da fasfo ba. Ya fara tafiya zuwa Robben Island , amma an jima ya koma Pretoria tare da wasu wadanda ake zargi da su goma, suna fuskantar sababbin zargin sabotage. A cikin watanni takwas na Rivonia Trial - wanda ake kira bayan rukunin Rivonia inda Umkhonto mu Sizwe ke da gidan kariya, Liliesleaf Farm - Mandela ya yi jawabi daga tashar jirgin. Ya yi kira a fadin duniya:
'Na yi yaƙi da farar fata, kuma na yi yaƙi da mulkin baki. Na yi la'akari da manufa na dimokuradiyya da kuma 'yanci na zamantakewar al'umma inda dukkan mutane ke rayuwa tare a cikin jituwa da kuma samun dama. Yana da manufa wadda ina fata zan rayu don in cimma. Amma idan akwai buƙata shi ne manufa don abin da na shirya don mutu '.
An gabatar da shari'ar tare da takwas daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma tare da Mandela da aka samu laifin kuma aka yanke masa hukumcin ɗaurin rai. Lokacin da Mandela yake zaune a Robben Island, ya fara.
Long Walk zuwa Freedom
A shekara ta 1982, bayan an ɗaure shi a kurkukun Robben na tsawon shekaru 18, an tura Mandela zuwa gidan kurkukun Pollsmoor na Cape Town kuma daga can, a cikin Disamba 1988 zuwa gidan kurkukun Victor Verster a Paarl. Ya ƙi kyauta da dama don gane da hakkin dangin ƙauyen da aka kafa a lokacin ɗaurin kurkuku, wanda zai ba shi damar komawa Transkei (yanzu yana da zaman kanta) kuma ya rayu cikin gudun hijira. Har ila yau, ya ki ya yi watsi da tashin hankali, ya rage yin shawarwari har sai ya kasance 'yanci.
A 1985 duk da haka ya fara "tattaunawa game da tattaunawa" tare da Ministan Shari'a, Kobie Coetsee, daga gidan kurkuku. Hanyar hanyar sadarwa na sirri tare da jagorancin ANC a Lusaka ta ƙarshe ya yi tunani. Ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 1990, an sake shi daga kurkuku bayan shekaru 27, a wannan shekarar da aka dakatar da ANC, kuma an zabi Mandela a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ANC. Ya jawabin da ya fito daga baranda na Birnin Cape Town da kuma muryar 'Amandla! '(' Power! ') Wani lokaci ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin Afirka. Tattaunawa za su iya farawa da gaske.
Rayuwa Bayan Kurkuku
A 1993, Mandela da shugaban FW de Klerk sun karbi lambar yabo na Nobel ta Duniya don kokarin da zasu kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata. A shekara ta gaba, a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilun 1994, Afirka ta Kudu ta gudanar da zaɓen farko na dimokiradiyya. ANC ta lashe zaben, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu 1994, Nelson Mandela ya yi rantsuwar rantsuwa a matsayin shugaban kasa na fari na farko na mulkin demokuradiya na Afrika ta kudu. Nan da nan ya yi magana da sulhu, ya ce:
'Ba haka ba, kuma ba za a sake kasancewa wannan kyakkyawar ƙasa za ta sake fuskanci zaluntar juna ba kuma ta sha wahala da kasancewar skunk na duniya. Bari 'yanci ya mulki.'
A lokacin da yake shugabancinsa, Mandela ya kafa kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu, wanda shine dalilin bincike akan laifuffukan da bangarorin biyu suka yi a lokacin wariyar launin fata. Ya gabatar da tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wanda aka tsara don magance talauci na al'ummar baki baki ɗaya, yayin da suke aiki don inganta dangantakar dake tsakanin dukkanin Afirka ta Kudu. A wannan lokacin ne aka san Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin "Rainbow Nation".
Gwamnatin Mandela ta kasance tsaka-tsaki, sabon tsarin mulki ya nuna sha'awarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu guda ɗaya, kuma a shekarar 1995, ya gargadi mawaki da fata don tallafawa kokarin da kungiyar kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu ta yi - wanda ya ci nasara a shekarar 1995 Rugby World Cup.
Rayuwa na Gida
Mandela ya yi aure sau uku. Ya auri matarsa na farko, Evelyn, a shekara ta 1944 kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu kafin ya sake yin aure a shekara ta 1958. A shekara mai zuwa sai ya auri Winnie Madikizela, wanda yake da' ya'ya biyu. Winnie yana da alhakin samar da labaran Mandela ta hanyar yunkurinta na 'yanta Nelson daga Robben Island. Lura ba zai iya tsira da wasu ayyukan sauran Winnie ba. Sun rabu a shekara ta 1992 bayan da aka yi masa kisa don sacewa da kayan haɗari ga hare-haren, kuma aka saki a shekarar 1996.
Mandela ya rasa 'ya'yansa uku - Makaziwe, wanda ya mutu a jariri, dansa Thembekile, wanda aka kashe a hadarin mota yayin da Mandela ya kurkuku a tsibirin Robben da Makgatho, wanda ya mutu daga cutar AIDS. Taronsa na uku, a ranar haihuwar sa 80, a cikin Yuli 1998, shi ne Graça Machel, marigayi shugaban kasar Mozambique Samora Machel. Ta zama kadai mace a duniya ta auri mata biyu na kasashe daban-daban. Sun yi aure kuma tana tare da shi yayin da ya wuce ranar 5 ga watan Disamba 2013.
Daga baya shekaru
Mandela ya sauka a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1999, bayan an gama shi a matsayin mukaminsa. An gano shi tare da ciwon karuwanci a shekara ta 2001 kuma an yi ritaya daga rayuwar jama'a a shekara ta 2004. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da aiki a hankali a madadin ayyukan agajinsa, Nelson Mandela Foundation, Asusun Nelson Mandela da Rhodes Foundation.
A shekarar 2005 ya shiga tsakani a kan madadin mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau a Afrika ta kudu, inda ya yarda cewa dansa ya mutu daga cutar. Kuma a ranar haihuwarsa ta 89 ya kafa dattawa, ƙungiyar tsofaffin 'yan majalisa, ciki har da Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, Mary Robinson da Desmond Tutu daga sauran manyan abubuwan duniya, don bayar da "jagorancin matsaloli mafi girma a duniya". Mandela ya buga tarihin kansa, Long Walk zuwa Freedom , a shekarar 1995, kuma Nelson Mandela Museum ya fara bude a shekarar 2000.
Nelson Mandela ya mutu a gidansa a Johannesburg a ranar 5 ga watan Disambar 2013 a shekara ta 95, bayan da ya yi fama da rashin lafiya. Dattawan daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun halarci bikin tunawa da su a Afirka ta Kudu don tunawa da daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin da duniya ta san.
Wannan labarin ya sabunta kuma sake rubuta shi a wani bangare na Jessica Macdonald a ranar 2 ga Disamba na 2016.