Haihuwar kogin, rapids da wuraren shakatawa na kasa
Shirin tsarin na Orinoco yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Kudancin Amirka, wanda ke samo asali ne a kudancin iyakar Venezuela da Brazil, a Jihar Amazonas. Tsawon kogin daidai har yanzu ba a ƙaddara ba, tare da kimantawa tsakanin 1,500 zuwa 1,700 m (2,410-2,735 km) tsawo, yana sanya shi a cikin tsarin mafi girma a duniya.
Bikin bashi na Orinoco yana da girma, an kiyasta tsakanin 880,000 da mita 1,200,000.
Sunan Orinoco an samo shi ne daga kalmomin Guarauno na ma'anar "wuri ne don ƙuƙwalwa" -i, wani wuri mai mahimmanci.
Yana gudana yammacin gaba, arewacin arewa, samar da iyaka tare da Colombia, sannan kuma ya juya gabas da bisects Venezuela a hanyar zuwa Atlantic. Arewa daga cikin Orinoco sune sararin samaniya mai suna Llanos . A kudancin kogi ya kusan rabin yankin Venezuela. Ƙananan wuraren gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna rufe ɓangaren yankin kudu maso yammacin, kuma yawancin yankuna ba su iya yiwuwa. Ƙungiyar Guiana, wadda aka fi sani da Guyana Shield, ta rufe sauran. Guyana Shield yana kunshe ne da dutsen Cambriam, har zuwa shekara biliyan 2.5, kuma wasu daga cikin tsofaffi a nahiyar. Ga wadansu abubuwa ne, dutsen dutse wanda ke kwashe daga cikin bene. Mafi shahararrun da kake da ita shine Roraima da Auyantepui, daga inda Angel Falls ke sauka.
Fiye da 200 koguna sun kasance masu adawa ga mai girma Orinoco wanda ya zarce 1290 na (2150 km) daga tushe zuwa delta.
A lokacin damina, kogin ya kai nisa 13 m (22 km) a San Rafael de Barrancas da zurfin mita 330 (100 m). 1000 m (1670 km) daga cikin Orinoco ne mai sauƙi, kuma kimanin 341 daga cikin waɗannan za'a iya amfani dashi don yin tafiya da manyan jirgi.
Kogin Orinoco yana kunshe da yankuna hudu.
Alto Orinoco
The Musicoco fara a Delgado Chalbaud dutse, wani babban, kunkuntar kogi tare da waterfalls da wuya, daji da ƙasa. Babban sananne a cikin wannan yanki, a 56 ft (17 m) Salto Libertador ne. Kewayawa, inda zai yiwu akan wannan ɓangare na kogi, yana da dugout mai zurfi ko waka. 60 miles (100 km) daga tushe, na farko tributary, Ugueto, ya shiga cikin Orinoco. Daga baya, ragowar yana raguwa kuma raƙuman ruwa ya zama raguwa, azumi da kuma wuyar shiga. Kusan kilomita 240 ne, High Musicoco ya ƙare tare da Guaharibos rapids.
Amazonas shi ne mafi girma a cikin Venezuela, kuma ya ƙunshi manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyu, Parima Tapirapecó da Serranía de la Neblina, da ƙananan wuraren shakatawa da kuma wuraren tarihi, irin su Cerro Autana, a tepuy kudu maso gabashin Puerto Ayacucho, wanda shine dutse mai tsarki na Piaroa kabilar wadanda suka gaskanta cewa ita ce wurin haifuwar duniya.
Wannan kuma shi ne mahaifar al'ummomi da dama, mafi yawan shahararrun su ne Yanomani, Piaroa da Guajibo. Puerto Ayacucho, wanda ke da tashar jiragen sama tare da jiragen ruwa a cikin Caracas da sauran ƙananan biranen, shine babban ƙofa ga jihar. Akwai wuraren yawon shakatawa da kuma kasuwanni. Lodgings, da aka sani da sansani, suna ba da dama na ta'aziyya.
Babban sansanin sananne shine Yutajé Camp, a cikin Manapiare Valley a gabashin Puerto Ayacucho. Yana da matakan kansa kuma zai iya ajiyewa har zuwa mutane talatin.
Tashar jiragen ruwa da iska ta fito ne ta hanyar kogi da iska, amma an gina hanyoyi da kuma kiyayewa, mafi yawa musamman ga wanda ya kasance a Samariya, ya haye komai. Ɗauki wannan Gidan Tafiya don kogi da kuma shimfidar wurare daga Amazonas jihar.
Orinoco Medio
A cikin kusan kilomita 450 (750 km), daga Guaharibos ya rabu da ragamar Atures, da Orinoco ya gudu zuwa yamma har zuwa kogin Mavaca ya shiga shi kuma ruwan ya juya zuwa arewa. Sauran masu gudummawa kamar Ocamo sun shiga kuma kogi ya yalwata zuwa mita 1320 (500 m) da yashi sandyayi kananan tsibiran a cikin kogi. Kogin Casiquiare da Esmeralda suna gudana daga Orinoco don shiga tare da wani don samar da Rio Negro wanda ya kai ga Amazon.
Kogin Cunucunuma ya hada da shi, da kuma 'yan Orinoco zuwa arewa maso yamma, kusa da Guyanese Shield. Kogin Ventuari yana kawo yashi don yaduwar rairayin bakin teku a San Fernando de Atabapo. Inda magunguna Atabapo, Guaviare da Irínida sun hada da ruwa, Musicoco ya kara kusan kusan 5000 ft (1500 m).
Yawancin mutanen kabilar Venezuelan suna zaune a cikin kogin Songoco River. Ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci sun hada da Guaica (Waica), wanda aka fi sani da Guaharibo, da Maquiritare (Makiritare) na kudancin kudu, da Warrau (Warao) na yankin delta, da Guahibo da Yaruro na yammacin Llanos. Wadannan mutane suna cikin dangantaka mai zurfi tare da koguna na basin, ta yin amfani da su a matsayin tushen abinci da kuma dalilan sadarwa. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Ƙarin yankunan da ke gudana a cikin ruwa, ƙãra ruwa da kuma samar da sabon salo na rapids a Maipures da Atures a fadin Puerto Ayacucho.
Wannan ita ce kadai wurin da Musicoco ba shi kewaya ba.
Bajo Orinoco
Ana tsaura daga ragowar Ruwa zuwa Piacoa, wannan 570 na (950 km) ya karbi yawancin koguna. Inda Meta ke shiga, kogin ya juya zuwa arewa maso gabas, tare da kogin Cinacuro, Capanaparo da Apure, suna fuskantar gabas. Manzanares, Iguana, Suata, Pao, Caris, Caroní, Paragua, Kogin Carrao, Caura, Aro da Cuchivero sun kara yawancin Orinoco.
Kogi a nan yana da faɗi kuma jinkirin.
Wannan ɓangare na Orinoco shine mafi yawan ci gaba da yawa. Tun da man fetur ya kai a tsakiyar karni na 20, masana'antu, kasuwanci da yawan jama'a sun girma. Ciudad Bolívar da Ciudad Guayana sun ci gaba da zama a manyan birane masu muhimmanci, suna gina manyan kudade daga kogi na kogin don hana ambaliya.
Daga cikin tsibirin dake kogin a Ciudad Bolívar shine wanda Alexander von Humboldt mai suna Orinocómetro ya kira. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kayan aiki don ƙaddarar da faduwar kogi. Babu lokatan yanayi tare da Orinoco, amma ana kiran lokacin damina hunturu. Ya fara a watan Afrilu kuma yana zuwa Oktoba ko Nuwamba. Rigun ruwa mai hadarin ruwa daga tuddai yana dauke da datti da duwatsu da sauran kayan daga tsaunukan zuwa cikin Orinoco. Ba za a iya yin amfani da wannan wuce haddi ba, kogin ya taso da ambaliya da wuraren da ke kewaye. Lokacin mafi yawan ruwa shine a watan Yuli, lokacin da matakin ruwa a Ciudad Bolívar zai iya zuwa daga 40 zuwa 165 feet cikin zurfin. Ruwa ya fara ragu a watan Agustan, kuma a watan Nuwamba sake dawowa.
An kafa shi a 1961, Ciudad Guayana, daga gefen Ciudad Bolívar, na samar da karfe, aluminum, da takarda, saboda ikon da Macagua da Guri suka yi a kan Kogin Caroní.
Da yake girma a cikin birnin da ya fi girma a Venezuela, sai ya zana a kan kogi kuma ya kafa garuruwan San Félix na karni na goma sha shida a gefe guda da kuma birnin Puerto Ordaz a wani ɗayan. Akwai manyan hanyoyi tsakanin Caracas da Ciudad Guayana, amma yawancin kayan sufuri na yankin suna aiki ne da Orinoco.
Wannan Gidan Tazarar yana ba ka ra'ayi game da kogin biyu da ci gaban masana'antu a Jihar Bolívar.
Delta del Orinoco
Ƙasar delta ta rufe Barrancas da Piacoa. Kogin Atlantic ya kafa tushe, 165 m (275 km) a tsakanin Pedernales da Gulf of Pariah zuwa arewa, da kuma Punta Barima da Amacuro a kudanci, wanda yanzu ke da nisan kilomita 12,000 (30,000 sq km), har yanzu yana girma a cikin size. Tsayawa cikin girman da zurfi shine Macareo, Sacupana, Araguao, Tucupita, Pedernales, kogin Cocuima da kuma reshe na babban kogi.
Ƙasar Delta na Orinoco sauyawa kullum kamar yadda kogin ya kawo sita don ƙirƙirar da karaɗa tsibirin, canjin canji da hanyoyin ruwa da ake kira caños . Ana turawa zuwa cikin teku na Atlantic, amma kamar yadda sutura ke tara kuma ya shimfidawa, nauyinsa ya haifar da nutsewa wanda ya canza canjin yanayin delta. Dredging yana rike manyan tashoshi don bude kewayawa, amma a cikin tashoshin baya, inda mangroves da shuke-shuken suna layi,
Tortola, Isla de Tigre da Mata-Mata sune wasu daga cikin tsibirin da aka fi sani da dutsen.
Delta del Orinoco (Mariusa) a cikin delta yana dauke da kadada 331000 na gandun daji, da masarufi, mangroves, bambancin flora da fauna. Gidan gidan Warao ne wanda ke ci gaba da salon al'ada na masu farauta / masu kifi. Dama a nan yana da tasiri ga aiki mai kyau. A nan kuma shi ne Guécharo, babban kogon da prehistoric petroglyphys da Humboldt ya gano yayin da ya bincika yankin.
Gidajen da wuraren da ke cikin yankin ba su ba da damar yin nazarin cañas ta kananan jirgin ruwa, kifaye, suna jin daɗin furen fauna kuma su tafi birding.