Mutumin mafi karfi a Kudancin Amirka - a zamaninsa
Simón Bolívar mutumin kirki ne. Ya kasance mashawarci, mai bada goyon baya a matsayin nasa da matsayinsa, mai ilimi da kuma mai tunani mai zurfi wanda ke son abubuwan da suka aikata, hanyar hangen nesa da kuma juyin juya hali.An haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1783 a Caracas, dan jaririn da ke da kyau, don Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte da matarsa, doña Maria de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, kuma shekarunsa sun cika da dukan kyawawan abubuwan na arziki da matsayi.
Masu koyarwa sun ba da kyakkyawar kyau a cikin tsofaffi, ciki har da tarihi da al'adun zamanin Roma da Girka, da kuma ka'idodin ka'idoji na musamman a Turai a wancan lokacin, musamman ma daga cikin masanin falsafar Faransa Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Iyayensa sun rasu lokacin da yake dan shekara tara, kuma ya bar Simón yaran iyayensa, Carlos da Esteban Palacios. Carlos Palacios ya tashe shi har ya kai shekaru goma sha biyar, a lokacin ne aka aiko shi zuwa Turai don ci gaba da karatunsa tare da Esteban Palacios. A kan hanyar, ya tsaya a Mexico, inda ya yi mamaki da mataimakinsa tare da muhawararsa game da 'yancin kai daga Spain.
A Spain, ya sadu da ya ƙaunaci Maria Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa wanda ya yi aure a 1802, lokacin da ya sha tara. Sun tafi Venezuela a cikin shekara mai zuwa, yanke shawara mai tsanani, domin Maria Teresa ya mutu daga rawaya zazzabi kafin shekara ta fita. Heartbroken, Simón ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai sake yin aure ba, wa'adi da ya ci gaba har tsawon rayuwarsa.
Da yake komawa Spain a 1804, Simón ya ga yadda ya canza yanayin siyasa lokacin da Napoleon ya bayyana kansa Sarkin sarakuna kuma ya sanya ɗan'uwansa Yusufu a kan karamin mulkin Spain. Bisa ga yadda Napoleon ya sake komawa mulkinsa, sai Simón ya zauna a Turai, yana tafiya, yana shaidawa canji zuwa mulkin mallaka da kuma sarakuna.
Ya kasance a Italiya cewa ya yi alkawarinsa mai ban al'ajabi don kada ya huta har sai Amurka ta Kudu ta kyauta.
A lokacin da ya koma Venezuela, Simón ya ziyarci Amurka, inda babu shakka ya ga bambanci tsakanin sabuwar ƙasa mai zaman kanta da mazaunan Spain a kudancin Amirka. A cikin 1808, Venezuela ta sanar da 'yancinta daga Spain da Andrés Bello, Luis López Mendez da Simón da aka aika zuwa London a kan aikin diflomasiyya. Simón Bolívar ya koma Venezuela a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1811, kuma a watan Agusta ya yi jawabi yana nuna 'yancin kai. Ya shiga cikin yakin Valencia karkashin umarnin Francisco de Miranda, wanda aka sani da tsohon shugaban. An kuma haifi Miranda a Caracas, a shekara ta 1750, kuma ya shiga rundunar sojojin Spain. Shi dan jarumi ne na kwarai, ya yi yaki a juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma juyin juya halin Faransa na Faransa, kuma a cikin sabis na Catarina Great, kafin ya shiga kokarin juyin juya halin a Venezuela a 1810.
Miranda ya zama shugaban dakarun Venezuela har zuwa lokacin da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain suka rushe nasara a Valencia kuma suka tsare shi. Simón Bolívar ya tafi Cartagena, inda ya rubuta Cartagena Manifesto inda ya yi jigilar hadin kan Venezuela da New Granada don tabbatar da 'yancin kansu daga Spain.
Ya ci nasara, kuma tare da goyon baya daga New Granada, wanda ya hada da Colombia, Panama da kuma wani ɓangare na zamani na Venezuela, ya mamaye Venezuela. Ya dauki Merida, sa'an nan kuma Caracas, kuma ya yi kira El Elbertador . Bugu da} ari, nasarar na wucin gadi, kuma an tilasta masa neman mafaka a {asar Jamaica, inda ya rubuta sanannen wasiƙar daga Jamaica. Bayan mutuwar Miranda a 1816, tare da taimako daga Haiti, Bolívar ya koma Venezuela a 1817 kuma ya cigaba da yaki.
Yaƙin Boyaca a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 1819 ya kasance babban nasara ga Bolívar da sojojinsa. Majalisa na Angostura sun kafa Gran Colombia daga kasashe na yau da Venezuela, Colombia, Panama da Ecuador. An kira Bolívar shugaban kasa kuma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da sabon 'yancin kai tare da ci gaba da fadace-fadacen da Spain ta yi da Antonio José de Sucre, babban jami'in soja wanda ya kasance babban shugaban kungiyar Bolifvar; Francisco Antonio Zea, mataimakin mataimakin shugaban daga 1819 zuwa 1821; da kuma Francisco de Paula Santander, mataimakin shugaban kasa daga 1821 zuwa 1828.
A wannan lokaci, Simón Bolívar yana da kyau a kan hanyar da zai zama mutum mafi karfi a kudancin Amirka.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan yaƙin Boyaca, an rinjaye masu rinjaye na Spaniya kuma 'yan sarauniya sun ci nasara. Tare da nasarar da José José de Sucre ya yi a yakin Pichincha a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, 1822, an kori arewa maso kudancin Amurka.
Simón Bolívar da shugabanninsa sun juya zuwa kudancin Amirka. Ya shirya sojojinsa don yantar da Peru. Ya kafa wani taro a Guayaquil, Ecuador, don tattauna batun tare da José de San Martín wanda aka sani da Liberator na Chile da kuma Protector na Peru, da kuma Knight na Andes da Santo de la Espada domin nasararsa a Argentina da kuma Chile.
Simón Bolívar da José de San Martín sun sadu da kansu. Babu wanda ya san kalmomin da suka musayar, amma sakamakon tattaunawa ya bar Simón Bolívar a matsayin babban shugaban. Ya mayar da makamashinsa zuwa Peru, tare da Sucre, ya ci nasara da sojojin Spain a yakin Junin a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan 1824. Bayan haka tare da nasarar nasarar yakin Ayacucho a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, Bolivar ya cika burinsa: Amurka ta Kudu ta kyauta .
Simón Bolívar shine mutum mafi karfi a kudancin Amirka.
Ya juya kokarinsa wajen kafa gwamnatoci a cikin tsarin da ya hango tsawon shekaru. A watan Agusta 1825, ya shirya. Ranar 6 ga watan Agustan 1825, Sucre ta shirya taron majalissar Upper Peru wanda ya kafa Jamhuriyar Bolivia don girmama Bolívar. Simón Bolívar ya rubuta tsarin mulkin Bolivian na 1826, amma ba a kafa shi ba.
A 1826, Bolívar ya kira Congress of Panama, taron farko na hemispheric. Simón Bolívar ya hango wani haɗin gwiwar Amurka ta Kudu.
Wannan bai kasance ba.
Hukuncinsa na mulkin mallaka sun kori wasu daga cikin shugabannin. Kungiyoyi masu rarrabuwa sun tashi. Yakin basasa ya haifar da rushewar Gran Colombia zuwa kasashe dabam dabam. Panama na daga cikin Colombia har sai ya yi nasara a 1903.
Simón Bolívar, bayan wani yunkurin kisan kai da ya yi imani da shi shine Mataimakin Shugaban kasar Santander, ya yi murabus a ofishinsa a 1828.
Cutar da ciwo mai tsanani, shan wahala daga tarin fuka, ya janye daga rayuwa ta jama'a. A lokacin mutuwarsa a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 1830, an ƙi Simón Bolívar da ba'a. Sanarwarsa ta ƙarshe ta nuna jinƙansa lokacin da yake magana game da yardar ransa da wadatarsa ga hanyar 'yanci, jiyya da abokan gaba da sata da sunansa. Duk da haka, ya gafarta musu, kuma ya gargadi 'yan uwansa su bi ka'idojinsa kuma suna fatan cewa mutuwarsa zai sauya matsalolin kuma ya hada ƙasar.
Menene ya faru da kasashen Simón Bolívar?
José Antonio Páez ya jagoranci jagorancin raba gardama wanda a 1830 ya ba Venezuela kasa mai zaman kansa. A cikin tarihinta tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙauyuka (dakarun dakarun) sun mamaye kasar daga yankin masu mallakar mallakar.
Janar Sucre ya kasance shugaban farko na Bolivia daga 1825 zuwa 1828, a shekarar da ya yi watsi da mamayewa daga Peru. Ya maye gurbin Andrés Santa Cruz wanda ya kasance babban shugaban ma'aikata na Bolívar. A 1835, Santa Cruz yayi ƙoƙarin yin hadin kai tsakanin Bolivia da Peru ta hanyar shiga Peru kuma ya zama mai kare shi. Duk da haka, ya rasa yakin Yungay a 1839, ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira a Turai. Harkokin da juyin juya halin da ke gudana kusan kowace shekara tun lokacin da tarihin siyasar Bolivia ya kasance.
Ecuador, lokacin da aka fara sanya shi ƙasa, yana da kusan sau hudu girman shi yanzu. Ya rasa yankin a ci gaba da gwagwarmayar iyakoki tare da Colombia da Peru, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna ta jayayya. Ƙungiyoyin siyasa tsakanin masu ra'ayin da suka so su kiyaye matsayi na oligarchy da coci, da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi da suke son gyare-gyaren zamantakewa, sun ci gaba a cikin karni na gaba.
{Asar Peru ta} alubalanci} alubalen iyaka da} asashen da ke makwabtaka. Ƙungiyar Peruvu ta mamaye oligarchy mai arziki da ke kiyaye yawancin al'adun mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, yana fitar da su daga matalauci, mafi yawancin asalin 'yan asalin. Rikici da masu mulkin mallaka sun zama al'ada na siyasa.
A Colombia, siyasa da tattalin arziki da ke tsakanin sassa daban-daban na zamantakewar al'umma sun sa ƙasar ta shiga yakin basasa da dictatorships.
Wannan ya ci gaba a cikin karni na ashirin. A cikin ƙoƙari na rinjayar rikice-rikicen yankin da rikici, an ba da sabuwar kundin tsarin mulki, kuma, a 1863, ya koma cikin jihohin jihohi tara da ake kira Amurka ta Colombia.
Bayan da ya mutu, an sake sunan Simón Bolívar kuma a yau an girmama shi a matsayin babban jarumi na Amurka ta Kudu, The Liberator. A Venezuela da kuma Bolivia ranar haihuwarta tana bikin bikin biki. Makaranta, gine-gine, yara, garuruwa a kudancin Amirka da kuma kasashen waje suna mai suna gare shi.
Kyautarsa ta ci gaba.
Duk da haka, idan ka yi zunubi, to, ba za ka iya yin hakan ba. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Amurka ta yi amfani da shi a Amurka.
Abin da Bolívar ya bar ba a yi ba, har yanzu ba a ɓoye yau ba. Bolívar yana da abubuwan da zasu yi a Amurka.
(fassara ta hanyar Jagora)
Wannan sanarwa da José Martí, dan kasar Cuban, mawallafi, da kuma jarida (1853-1895) suka ba da ransa don kawo karshen mulkin mallaka a Cuba da sauran ƙasashen Latin Amurka, har yanzu suna da rinjaye a yau.
An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin marubucin marubuta na ƙasashen Hispanic, ra'ayin José Martí ya rinjayi shugabannin siyasa da suka bi shi.
Martí ya yi imanin cewa, 'yancinci da adalci ya zama ginshiƙan kowane gwamnati, wanda ya yi daidai da tunanin Simón Bolívar yadda za a gudanar da gwamnati. Gwamnatin Bolívar ta dogara ne akan manufofinsa, da kuma fassarar tarihin zamanin dā na Roma da tunanin siyasar Anglo-Faransa a yau.
Ainihin, waɗannan su ne ainihin kayan aiki:
- Order kamar yadda mafi muhimmanci wajibi.
- Majalisar dokoki ta Tricameral tare da bambancin da ke da iko
- Wani dan kasuwa da kuma gwani Majalisar Dattijan.
- Ƙungiyar Censors ta ƙunshi "halin kirki" na jihar.
- Majalisun majalisa da aka zaɓa.
- Wani jagoran rayuwa mai goyan baya ne mai karfi, mai aiki ko ministoci.
- Tsarin shari'a ya kawar da ikon majalisa.
- Tsarin zabe na wakilci.
- Sojan soja na mutunci.
Girman girma na Jamhuriyar Bolivaran a cikin 'yan siyasar Latin Amurka a yau ya dogara ne akan waɗannan ka'idodin Simón Bolívar da Martí. Tare da zaben Hugo Chavez a matsayin shugaban Venezuela, da kuma sauye-sauyen kasar zuwa Jamhuriyar Bolivarian na Venezuela, yawancin ka'idodin Bolivar sun fassara zuwa siyasar yau.
Amfani da yarjejeniyar Bolívar na Unidos seremos invencibles (hadin kai, ba za mu iya yiwuwa ba), "Shugaba Chávez da mabiyansa ba su ɓoye makircinsu na juyi na maye gurbin shugabanni na Venezuelan na gargajiya ba da kuma rubuta sababbin ka'idojin wasan da zai kara sa hannu, rage cin hanci da rashawa, inganta zamantakewa na zamantakewar al'umma, yin amfani da inganci mafi kyau da kuma tabbatar da gaskiya a cikin tafiyar da gwamnati da kuma bayar da kariya ga 'yancin ɗan adam. "
Jamhuriyar Bolivarian na Venezuela
Da zarar iko, Shugaba Chavez ya mayar da hankali ga sabon tsarin mulki, inda Mataki na 1 ya karanta cewa:
"Jamhuriyar Bolivia ta Venezuela tana da kyauta kyauta kuma mai zaman kanta kuma tana goyon bayan dabi'un dabi'u da 'yanci, daidaito, adalci da zaman lafiya na duniya, bisa ga koyarwar Simon Bolivar, Libertador.' Yanci, 'yanci, sarauta, kare hakkoki, yancin yankuna da na kasa tabbatar da kansu kai tsaye ne. " (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Constitución Bolivarina de Venezuela, 1999)
Ko da Jamhuriyar Bolivia ta Venezuela za ta ci nasara ba har yanzu ba. Amma abu ɗaya tabbatacce: ci gaba a karkashin sabon tsarin mulki da kuma sakamakon da aka yi a hankali.
Kuma wasu 'yan adawa.