Wani ɗan gajere ne na Tarihi na Farko ta Nobel a Ireland
William Butler Yeats, wanda aka fi sani da WBYeats, wane ne shi? Yawancin lokaci magoya bayan Keats (sunan sunan WB ya ambaci "Yayts", ba "Yeets") ba, an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1865, ya mutu ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1939.
A yau, an tuna shi a matsayin "mawaki na ƙasar Ireland" (ko da yake bai rubuta a cikin harshen ƙasa ba), kuma ya ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdigar harshen Turanci a farkon karni na 20.
Kuma shi ma shi ne na farko na Irish wanda ya karbi kyautar Nobel a litattafan wallafe-wallafe (a cikin 1923, daga bisani Irish laureates sune George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, da Seamus Heaney) - ana yaba "domin yana yin waƙar shahararrun lokaci, wanda a cikin fasaha mai kyau magana ga ruhun dukan al'umma ".
A geographically, duk da kasancewar Dubliner da rayuwa a waje don dogon lokaci, yana da alaka da shi tare da Sligo ... yanci wanda ya karfafa yawancin rubutunsa.
WBYeats da wallafe-wallafe
Kodayake ana haife shi da ilimi a Dublin , William Butler Yeats ya yi amfani da manyan ɓangarorin yaro a nisa a County Sligo . Da godiya da kuma karatun shayari tun yana matashi, yawan mutanen Irish na yau da kullum sun ji dadin shi da kuma "wariyar launin fata" a gaba daya daga farkon lokacin. Wa] annan batutuwa na wa] ansu abubuwa ne, na farko, na farko, na zamani, wanda ya kawo karshen wannan karni. An wallafa sunayen kundin shayari na farko na waƙoƙi a cikin 1889 - waƙa da sauri, waƙoƙin waƙoƙin da suka nuna ra'ayoyin Elizabethan da Romantic, irin su Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, da kuma Brotherhood.
Tun daga farkon shekara ta 1900, shahararren Yeats ya samo asali daga zane-zane har zuwa gagarumar jiki, mai ganewa. Bisa ga umarnin da ya yi watsi da yawancin ra'ayoyin da suka shafi karfinta na shekarun baya, har yanzu yana nuna babbar sha'awa ga "masks" na jiki da na ruhaniya, da kuma ka'idodin rayuwa.
Ƙungiyoyin sun zama ɗaya daga cikin (idan ba shine) mafi mahimmanci na wallafe-wallafen Irish ba. Tare da mutane masu tunani irin su Lady Gregory da Edward Martyn ya kafa Dublin ta Abbey Theater, a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayon kasa na Ireland (1904). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Abbey shekaru masu yawa. Wasan kwaikwayo na farko da aka buga a Abbey (tare da wasan kwaikwayon Lady Gregory a "labaran uku") sune Yeats ' On Baile Strand da Cathleen Ní Houlihan .
Magana mai ma'ana, WBYeats na daga cikin 'yan marubuta da suka rubuta da kuma buga ayyukan su bayan da aka ba su kyautar Nobel, watau Hasumiyar (1928) da Hasken Gudun Wuta da Sauran Wa'a (1929).
WBYeats - Life da soyayya
An haifi William Butler Yeats a cikin gidan Anglo-Irish Dublin. Mahaifinsa John Yeats ya fara karatun doka, ya bar wannan don nazarin sana'a a London. Mahaifiyar yarinya Susan Mary Pollexfen ta fito ne daga dangi mai ban sha'awa Sligo. Dukan 'yan iyalin sun zaba aikin sana'a - ɗan'uwana Jack a matsayin mai zane,' yan'uwa Elizabeth da Susan Mary a cikin Ayyuka da Crafts. A matsayin mambobi ne na (Protestant Ascendancy), iyalin Yeats suna goyon bayan canza Ireland, kodayake sake farfadowa na kasa ya ba da talauci.
Harkokin siyasa da na zamantakewa sunyi tasiri sosai game da shayari na Yeats, abubuwan bincikensa na asali na Irish suna nuna sauye-sauye da halaye. Kodayake lokacin da ya rubuta "Irish", wannan magana mai ma'ana sau da yawa yana da kwalba tare da ko wane irin kyan gani.
Baya ga bayanansa na biyu a matsayin Sanata na Irish, da maƙamantan da suke yi da Theosophy, Rosicrucianism, da kuma Golden Dawn ... abin da ya rage a cikin zukatan mutane shine Yeats 'ƙauna, ƙauna mai ban sha'awa.
A shekara ta 1889 ya sadu da Maud Gonne, magajin gida mai arziki da kuma 'yan kasa. 'Yan matan' sun fadi a cikin wata hanya mai yawa, amma Maud Gonne ya bayyana a fili cewa dole ne abokin tarayya ya kasance, na farko da mahimmanci, wani dan kasa. A shekara ta 1891, Yeats ya ba da shawarar aure, kawai don sake sakewa - daga bisani ya rubuta cewa "matsala ta rayuwata".
Babu shakka ba a samu saƙon ba, Yeats kuma ya sake yin aure a 1899, 1900 da 1901, sai kawai a sake sake sakewa, da kuma sake. A lokacin da Maud Gonne ya auri Major John MacBride a 1903, mawãƙi ya hura wani fuse. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi wa MacBride dariya ko da haruffa da shayari, kuma ya yi hira a kan batun Maud Gonne na Katolika.
Sakamakon haka sai ya gano mafi yawan fahimtar juna, kuma ya tafi duk lokacin da Maud Gonne ya ziyarce shi don samun kwanciyar hankali ... yayin da auren ya ƙare a bala'i, bayan haihuwar ɗa (Sean MacBride). Ko da yake akwai wata dare tsakanin Yeats da Maud Gonne ba kome ba.
A shekara ta 1916, kuma a 51, Yeats yana fama da damuwa ga yaro. Ya yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ne mai tsawo da za a yi aure, a wani lokaci kuma ya ba da shawara ga tsofaffiyar Maud Gonne (tsohuwar 'yan wasan Birtaniya da suka mutu a lokacin bikin Easter ). A lokacin da ta sake mayar da shi, Yeats ya sake komawa kan shirinsa na B ... wani auren auren auren dan wasan mai shekaru 25 mai suna Iseult Gonne. Wannan kuma bai zama ba, don haka Yeats ya zauna a kan dan kadan (amma a shekaru 25 har yanzu bai kai rabi ba) Georgie Hyde-Lees ... kuma ga kowa da kowa ba'a yarda da ita kawai ba, amma aure ya yi aiki sosai .
WBYeats da Siyasa
Duk da tarihin tarihinsa, Yeats wani dan kasar Irish ne - yana da sha'awar neman "salon al'adun gargajiya" (mafi yawan gaske). Ya farko ya nuna ruhin juyin juya halin (ko da yake kasancewa memba ne na kungiyoyin sababbi), amma nan da nan ya janye kansa daga harkokin siyasa. Da farko ba amsa ga Easter Resurrection, kawai ambata shi a cikin poetry a cikin 1920, ya gaya.
An zabi Yemen zuwa Seanad Eireann na farko , Majalisar Dattijai ta Irish , a shekarar 1922 - sannan kuma ya sake zabar shi a karo na biyu a shekarar 1925. Babban taimako shi ne a kan muhawara game da kisan aure, inda ya zargi magoya bayan Gwamnati da Katolika na " tsohuwar Spain ". Ba shi da wani alamu, sai ya bayyana cewa "aure ba mana ba ne na sacrament, amma, a gefe guda, ƙaunar namiji da mace, da kuma abin da ba zai iya raba jiki ba, tsarki ne. wallafe-wallafen zamani, kuma yana ganin mu abu ne mafi banƙyama don yaudarar mutane biyu da suke ƙin juna don su zauna tare ". Duk da wannan hare-hare mai tsanani, kisan aure ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a Ireland har zuwa 1996. Kuma kana iya karantawa tsakanin layi, gano rashin takaicin da ya yi game da shirin aure na Maud Gonne ...
Bisa ga ra'ayi na siyasa na siyasa bayan yakin duniya na farko, Crash Wall Street, da Babban Mawuyacin hali, Yeats sun kasance da ƙari game da tsarin mulkin demokra] iyya da kuma tsammanin sake sake fasalin Turai ta hanyar mulkin mallaka. Abokarsa da Ezra Pound ya gabatar da shi ga siyasa na Benito Mussolini, Yeats yana nuna sha'awar "Il Duce" a lokuta da dama. A gaban gida, ya rubuta "waƙoƙi uku" guda uku ga Irish Blueshirts , wani (fasalin) fascist wanda ya jagoranci jagorancin Janar Eoin O'Duffy.
Mutuwa, Jana'izar, Raba
William Butler Yeats ya mutu a Menton (Faransa) a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1939. Bisa ga son zuciyarsa an binne shi bayan hidima na jana'izar sauti da na masu zaman kansu a Roquebrune-Cap-Martin - "idan na mutu na binne ni a nan kuma a cikin shekara ɗaya lokacin da jaridu sun manta da ni, sunyi ni in dasa ni cikin Sligo. " Wanda bai yi aiki ba, yayinda yakin duniya na biyu ya fadi kuma 'yan adam sun mutu a Faransa.
Sai dai a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1948 ne aka tura 'yan matan Drumcliff (County Sligo) a cikin wani jawabin da aka yi a jihar - Ministan Harkokin Waje yana kula da aikin, Sean MacBride, dan Maud Gonne. An shafe 'yan jarida daga jinsunan karshe na marigayinsa ƙarƙashin Ben Bulben :
Sanya idanu mai sanyi
A Rayuwa, a kan Mutuwa.
Mai hawa, wucewa!
Akwai matsalar ƙananan matsalar: An riga an binne Yeats a Faransa, sa'an nan kuma ya sake komawa, ƙasusuwansa suka shiga wani ɗaki, sa'an nan kuma aka tara su don aikawa zuwa Ireland. Tambayoyi na yaudara ne abin da suke a cikin tsakiyar shekarun 1940, shaida cewa dukkan kasusuwa, ko ma wani daga cikinsu, suna hutawa a karkashin Ben Bulben ne ainihin Yeats '... shi ne dan kadan a ƙasa. Wata kila kuskuren kuskure?
Funniest Yeats Kan Lokaci
Wannan ya je fim din "Miliyoyin Dollar Baby", inda muke ganin Clint Eastwood yana fassara WBYeats daga Irish zuwa Turanci. Babu shakka babu wanda ya gaya masa cewa Yeats bai yi magana da harshen Irisa ba, kuma ya rubuta a Turanci ...
Unfunniest Yeats Kan Lokaci
Mai mawaki sau ɗaya, kuma ina nufin ma'anar sau ɗaya, ziyarci mashaya ... kamar yadda WBYeats ya furta cewa bai taba shiga mashaya ba, Oliver St. John Gogarty ya ja abokin aikinsa a cikin Toner, ɗaya daga cikin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Dublin , har yanzu suna buɗewa Baggot Street a yau. A ina WB yana da sherry, ya bayyana kansa ba tare da damu ba game da dukan kwarewa, kuma ya sake komawa. ba za su sake yin duhu a cikin wani mashaya ba. Abin farin ciki ne!