Kafin Ka Ziyarci, Bincika Ka'idoji na Ƙarshe
Stonehenge tsaye a kan Salisbury Fila, m, ware da kuma ban mamaki. Mutane suna ƙoƙari su fahimci ma'anar da tarihin Birtaniya - kuma tabbas duniya - dutsen da ke da mahimmanci da mahimmanci a kalla shekaru 800.
A halin yanzu, bincike yana tayar da sababbin ra'ayoyi game da Stonehenge; asalinsa da manufarsa. Taswirar sabuwar ƙila za ta iya canja yadda kake tunani game da wannan sihiri.
Kuma, bayan da aka sake mayar da wuraren ba} i na 'yan shekarun da suka wuce, labarun - da kuma abubuwan ban mamaki - na Stonehenge sun fi bayyane bayyane.
Abin da za ku sa ran lokacin da kuka tafi
Abu na farko da za ku lura game da cibiyar baƙo na Stonehenge shine yadda kadan kuke lura da shi. Ginin, na gine-ginen Denton Corker Marshal, kusan ya ɓace a cikin wuri mai faɗi. Rufin da yake rufewa yana haɗuwa da duwatsu masu tasowa kuma yana neman tasowa a kan gandun daji na kananan bishiyoyi - igiyoyi da ke goyan baya.
Kusa da cibiyar, wata motar lantarki mai kusan sauti ta ba ka zuwa dutsen dutsen na da mil da rabi. Idan ka zaɓi yin tafiya a maimakon haka, za ka sami damar da za ka fahimci yadda alamar ta dace a zamanin d ¯ a, wuri mai kyau. A baya, baƙi zuwa Stonehenge ba su da damar da za su lura da duk wuraren da aka fara watsawa a shafin. Amma, hawa a fadin wuri, a ƙarƙashin manyan sararin Salisbury Plain , wata hanya ce mai ban tsoro ta isa.
Bayan haka, ɗauki lokaci don bincika cibiyar baƙo ta kanta. A ciki, ɗakunan gida guda biyu suna cafe da kuma kantin sayar da kaya da kuma karami, kyawawan kayan gargajiya da nuni. Nuni yana nuna wani hakikanin naman a kasusuwa na ziyarar zuwa Stonehenge, yana binciko tarihin dabaru da abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma sakamakon karshe na masu bincike da ke aiki akan shafin.
Daga cikin muhimman bayanai:
- Ayyukan da kayan aikin Stonehenge suka yi amfani da su - daga cikinsu akwai yarinya mai laushi ja da ake amfani da su don haƙa ramin kuma gina bankunan da suka kasance na farko a shafin.
- Hanyoyin kayan aikin Neolithic wadanda suka hada da furen awl, mai gani da "maƙerin" wanda aka yi amfani da su don buga wuta da wuta. A awl kuma ya duba kallon kyawawan kayan aiki da ake amfani da su a yau.
- Wani mutum wanda ya sake gina shi daga farkon mutumin Neolithic, ya yi amfani da fasahohin da aka tsara a kan skeleton wani mutum wanda ya karu a kusa da karni na 19.
- Aikin tagulla a daidai da siffar da aka sanya a kan wasu duwatsu, shekaru 700 bayan gina Stonehenge.
- Taswirar Birtaniya a lokacin da Stonehenge ke amfani da shi, yana nuna yawancin wasu, shafuka masu kama da juna, da dutse da duwatsu da aka gina a duk faɗin ƙasar a lokaci ɗaya. Yana nuna wata ƙungiya mai tsarawa ta musamman da ta raba al'adu, abubuwan tunawa da al'ada da kuma yadawa daga nesa zuwa arewa zuwa Channel Channel.
- A waje, wani ƙauyen Neolithic da aka sake ginawa (bisa ga binciken da ke kusa da shi) wanda ya ba baƙi ra'ayi game da yadda masu gini na Stonehenge suka rayu.
Yaya Yaya Sun San Wannan?
Wannan shi ne mafi kyawun ɓangare na labarin da ke komawa zuwa farkon hasashe game da abin mamaki abin tunawa.
Bisa ga al'adun Ingilishi wanda, tare da Ofishin Jakadanci, ke kula da shafin kimanin kilomita 90 a kudu maso yammacin London, an gano nassoshin farkon karni na 12 na Henry na Huntingdon, wani limamin Lincoln wanda ya rubuta tarihin Ingila.
Ya kira shafin yanar gizo Staneges kuma yayi rubutu akan duwatsu na "girman gwanin ... an gina su bayan hanyar ƙofar, don haka an buɗe tashar jirgin sama a ƙofar, kuma babu wanda zai iya tunanin yadda irin wannan babban dutse ya tashi. Me yasa aka gina su a can? "
Tambayarsa - ta yaya aka gina Stonehenge, dalilin da yasa aka zaba inda aka zaɓa kuma ta wanda - wanda ya damu da ƙarnin mawallafa, masu bincike da baƙi. Yanzu, a cikin shekarun farko na karni na 21, masu binciken ilimin kimiyya sun fara samuwa tare da wasu sababbin amsoshin - da tambayoyi masu yawa.
Tambayoyi irin su:
Yaya aka gina Ginin Masarauta ta Wanene?
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan asirin Stonehenge shine ainihin halitta. Wasu daga cikin duwatsu mafi girma sun fito ne daga daruruwan mil mil a cikin Preseli Hills na Wales.
Yaya aka kawo su da wata al'umma da ba ta amfani da taran ba? Da kuma kiran wannan alama "mafi yawan masana'antun masana'antun masana'antu a duniya," Tarihin Ingilishi ya nuna cewa yayin da sauran dutse na dutse Neolithic sun kasance nau'i na dutse na dutse da dutse, Stonehenge ya kasance daga duwatsu masu ado, an haɗa su tare da tsinkayyi da tsummoki. gidajen abinci.
Lokacin da dukkan duwatsun duwatsun kewayen sun kasance a wuri, sun kafa kwakwalwa a cikin kwance, ko da shike alamar yana tsaye a ƙasa.
Marubuta na farko sun ba da labari cewa Romawa sun gina abin tunawa, wasu kuma sun sanya shi a cikin tarihin Arthuriya kuma sun nuna cewa Merlin yana da hannu a gina shi. Akwai labarun Merlin da ke tashi da bluestones daga Wales kuma ya tura su zuwa saman abin tunawa. Kuma ba shakka, akwai labaran labarun da suka shafi baƙi.
Hasashen da ke cikin yanzu suna da ban sha'awa yayin da suke ƙasa. Kusan shekaru goma sha biyar, a cikin aikin gine-ginen Stonehenge Riverside, ƙungiyoyin masu binciken ilimin kimiyya daga jami'o'in Sheffield, Manchester, Southampton da Bournemouth, tare da Jami'ar College College London, suna nazarin abin tunawa da kewaye. Suna bayar da shawarar cewa an gina shi ne a matsayin aikin haɗin kai tsakanin kabilun da ke gabashin gabas da yammacin Britaniya wanda, tsakanin 3,000 BC da 2,500 BC, sun raba al'ada.
Masanin ilimin binciken ilimin kimiyya Farfesa Mike Parker Pearson na Jami'ar Jami'ar, marubucin Stonehenge na London , wani sabon fahimta: Nasarawa da Tarihin Abubuwan Tarihin Girman Girma na Tarihi ya bayyana:
"... akwai al'adun tsibirin tsibirin girma - iri-iri na gidaje, tukwane da sauran kayan kayan aiki an yi amfani da su daga Orkney zuwa kudancin kudancin ... Stonehenge kanta wani aiki ne mai matukar muhimmanci, yana bukatan aiki na dubban ... kawai yin aiki da kanta, wanda yake buƙatar kowa ya kwance tare, zai kasance aikin haɗin kai. "
Kuma an yi wani yanki game da kilomita biyu a arewa maso gabashin birnin, Durrington Walls, wanda ke goyon bayan wannan ka'idar tare da shaidar da yawancin gidaje 1,000 da mutane 4,000 daga duk faɗin Birtaniya suka shiga - a lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan al'ummar ƙasar duka 10,000.
Ƙauyen masu ginawa shine mafi yawan ƙauyen Neolithic a Turai. Ma'aikata suyi aiki sosai a fili. An cire duwatsun daga Wales, ta hanyar shingges da jirgin ruwa, ba ta hanyar zane ba ko kimiyya ta asiri. Ko da yake matakin kungiyar da ake buƙata a wannan lokacin, yana da ban mamaki.
Kuma wannan shine kawai ka'idar. Wani kuma shi ne cewa Ice Age glaciers ya ɗauki gwanayen Welsh kuma an samo su a sararin samaniya lokacin da masu gini na Stonehenge ke tafiya ƙasa.
Shekaru nawa ne Stonehenge?
Hikima ta gari ita ce abin tunawa kusan kimanin shekaru 5,000 ne kuma an gina shi a cikin matakai da yawa tsawon shekaru 500. A gaskiya ma, yawancin gine-gine na Stonehenge, a bayyane a yau, an gina shi a cikin wannan lokacin.
Amma yin amfani da shafin yanar gizon Stonehenge yana da mahimmanci, kuma tabbas mawuyacin ra'ayi yana ci gaba da zurfi - watakila kamar yadda shekaru 8,000 zuwa 10,000 suka wuce. Gudun daji a kusa da filin ajiye motoci a cikin shekarun 1960s sannan kuma a cikin shekarun 1980s sun sami rami da ke dauke da katako na katako tsakanin 8500BC da 7000BC.
Ba a bayyana ko wadannan suna da alaka da Stonehenge ba amma abin da ya zama mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa wuri mai faɗi na Salisbury Plain yana da mahimmanci ga Kiristoci na farko don dubban shekaru.
Me yasa Salisbury Flain?
Masu binciken Silly Season sun nuna cewa fili shine wuri mai kyau na saukowa don sararin samaniya da kuma cewa layi da tsaunuka da ke gani daga iska da kuma binciken da ake amfani da su na geophysical sune layi.
Yana da mahimmanci cewa wuri mai faɗi ya zaɓi kansa. Tsohon Birnin Burtaniya ya rufe daji. Gidan sararin samaniya mai yawa, dubban kadada marasa gandun daji, ba zai yiwu ba kuma musamman. Har ma a yau, kokawa a fadin Salisbury a fili a cikin duhu na dare, abubuwan da ke da ban mamaki a duniya da ke sama da sararin samaniya, na iya kasancewa mai karfin gaske, kusan kwarewar allahntaka.
Kuma layin, da aka sani da raguwar lalacewar da ta dace da daidaituwa tare da axis na solstice sune siffofin ilimin halitta. Masu aikin gona da suka zauna a yankin kuma wadanda suka lura da alamun yanayi sun lura da daidaitawar yanayi tare da sauye yanayi kuma suka zaɓi shafin da matsayi na Stonehenge saboda su.
Wannan shine cikar Farfesa Farfesa Pearson. Ya ce, "Lokacin da muka yi tuntuɓe a cikin wannan tsari mai ban mamaki na hanyar rana ta alama a ƙasar, mun fahimci cewa mutanen da suka riga sun riga sun zabi wannan wuri don gina Stonehenge saboda abin da aka riga aka tsara shi ... Mai yiwuwa sun ga wannan wuri a matsayin cibiyar duniya. "
Menene An Yi amfani da Girbin Girma?
Ku karɓa: Shirye-gizen druid, binnewa, bukukuwan girbi, hadayu na dabba, bukukuwan taro, lokuta na jama'a, cibiyar warkaswa, karamar gonaki, tsarin aikin karewa, alama ga alloli, bazawa na tasowa. Akwai hanyoyi masu yawa game da abin da aka amfani da su a Stonehenge. Kuma a cikin shekaru masu yawa, abubuwan da aka gano na archaeological sun samo shaidun mafi yawan waɗannan ayyukan (sai dai baki - ya zuwa yanzu). Binciken da aka yi a kalla mutane 150 a cikin yankin shine binciken da aka samu kwanan nan, misali.
Gaskiyar ita ce, mafarki na al'ada cewa Stonehenge wani ɓangare ne na al'ummomin mutane daban-daban na dubban shekaru. Yana da wataƙila yana da amfani daban-daban na tsawon shekaru. Ba za mu iya fahimtar wannan wuri mai ban mamaki ba, amma masu binciken ilimin kimiyya da masana tarihi sun kusa kusa.
Lokacin da Ya je
Kowace shekara, Wiccans, Neo Pagans, New Agers da kuma masu yawon bude ido masu ban sha'awa suna zuwa Stonehenge don rani solstice . Lokaci ne kawai da aka ba da izinin baƙi don su yi zango a kusa da shafin kuma su kwana da dare suna jiran safiya.
Amma binciken a Durrington Walls ya nuna cewa midwinter, ba midsummer shi ne mafi muhimmanci da lokacin da na al'ada da kuma cin abinci. Yawancin sauran wurare a cikin yankin Stonehenge suna haɗu da rana ta tsakiya da faɗuwar rana. Wannan ka'idar ta sa hankali ya fi dacewa lokacin da kake la'akari da bukukuwa na wuta da lokutan midwinter a duk arewacin Turai.
Kuna iya ziyarci Stonehenge a kowane lokaci na shekara kuma kowane kakar yana da amfani da rashin amfani. Ku tafi cikin hunturu kuma ba dole ba ku tashi da wuri don ganin fitowar rana, ko da yaushe komai mai ban sha'awa a dutsen. A watan Disamba, rana ta tashi a kusa da misalin karfe 8 na safe. Ba a bude wannan alamar ba sai dai zaka iya ganin ta a nesa daga A303. Shafukan yanar gizo na iya kasancewa da yawa da yawa. Ƙasar da ke ƙasa ita ce Salisbury Lakabi mai sanyi ne, mai sauƙi kuma, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ko dai an rufe shi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ko don haka aka yi amfani da shi don samun dama ga ɗayan, shafukan yanar gizo suna iyakancewa.
Idan kuna zuwa lokacin rani, za ku yi gasa tare da wasu mutane kuma, idan kuna son ganin fitowar rana, kuna so ku zama farkon tashin hankali. A watan Yuni, rana mai zuwa kafin 5 na safe A gefe guda, zaka iya tafiya daga gidan baƙo zuwa shafin ba tare da daskarewa ba. Kuma tare da tsawon sa'o'i na hasken rana, kana da ƙarin lokaci don bincika wuraren da ke kusa da su da kuma Salisbury.
Abin da ke kusa
Stonehenge, mafi yawan ma'aunin dutse mai kyau a duniya shine kawai abin tunawa a tsakiyar wani wuri mai ban sha'awa wanda ya fi dacewa da shi. Gidan yanar gizo na Stonehenge, Avebury da kuma Associated Sites UNESCO, sun hada da:
- wani babban Henge a Avebury wanda yana da mafi girma a dutse a duniya
- Silbury Hill - wani abu mai ban mamaki, ginin mutum, wanda shine mafi girma a Turai, kimanin mita 100 da 4,400. Ba wanda ya iya gano wanda ya gina shi kuma me ya sa. Gwada Jaridar National Trust Silbury Hill Walk.
- West Kennet Long Barrow, daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin kullun Neolithic a Birtaniya.
Har ila yau a kusa da wannan: Ƙananan garin Salisbury tare da babban katangarta, gida zuwa mafi kyawun magunguna na Magna Carta da kuma Ma'aikatar Zaman Lafiya - aikin agogon da ya fi ƙarfin aiki shine kimanin minti 20 da mota ko kwaminis na gida.
Abinda ke Bukatar
- Kudin shiga shi ne tareda iyakokin iyaka na lokaci tare da tanadi na gaba da aka bada shawarar. Don lokutan bude, farashin yau da kuma tikitin tikiti, duba shafin yanar gizon Yanar-gizo mai suna Stonehenge.
- Aikin shimfidar wuri na Stonehenge - Nemi shawara a kan shafin yanar gizon National Trust.
- Samun a can:
- Ta hanyar jirgin sama daga London Waterloo zuwa Salisbury Station ( duba National Rail Inquiries ) sa'an nan kuma The Stonehenge Tour Bus, da sadaukar da jama'a daga tashar jirgin.
- A kafa ko zagaye - Kotun Wiltshire ta buga takaddun zuwa filin Stonehenge tare da hanyoyi na hanyoyi da na kwaminis na gida. Zaka kuma iya samun Stonehenge a kan shafin yanar gizo na Sustrans na Cibiyar Harkokin Kasa ta Duniya.
- By mota - Stonehenge ya kashe A360, ya zo daga London a kan M3 da A303 (aka saita SatNavs don Lambar Kati SP4 7DE). Yana da kimanin kilomita 88 kuma yana ɗaukar kawai a cikin sa'o'i biyu a cikin yanayin zirga-zirga. Akwai filin ajiye motocin a shafin da ba shi da kyauta ga masu biyan tikitin Stonehenge.