Kowace rana, fiye da 100,000 jiragen saman jiragen sama na yau da kullum ya tashi daga filayen jiragen sama da kuma kai ga duk wuraren a duniya. Yawancin waɗannan su ne jiragen kasuwanci, yana dauke da dubban mutane kowace rana zuwa ko daga gidajensu a fadin duniya. Yawancin wadannan fasinjojin ba su tunanin komai game da fasahar da ke shiga cikin mu'ujjizan jirgin, ko kuma dubban mutane a duk fadin duniya wadanda basu da sa'a ba.
Kodayake tafiya ta hanyar jirgin sama yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya inganta harkokin sufuri a yau, wannan hanyar sufuri ba kullum ce mafi yawan abin dogara ba. Tun lokacin farkon fasinjojin fasinja, fiye da mutane 50,000 sun rasa rayukansu a hadarin jirgin sama wanda ba su iya sarrafawa ba. Duk da haka, daga sadakarsu, fasinja na zamani ya karu ya zama daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a fi dacewa da ingantaccen sufuri a duniya.
Ta yaya manyan hadarin jirgin sama ya shafi aikin fasinja a cikin karni na karshe? Ga alamu guda biyar na yadda hatsarori na jirgin sama da ke haifar da mummunar haɗari sun sanya jirgin sama mafi aminci ga masu tafiya a yau a duniya.
1956: Babban Canyon Mid-Air Collision
A cikin tarihin matasa na jirgin saman Amurka, jirgin saman jirgin saman Grand Canyon ya kasance mummunan fasalin jirgin sama mafi girma a tarihi a wannan lokacin. Saboda muhimmancin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin jiragen sama na Amurka, an kwatanta wurin da aka yi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihi ta Amurka a shekara ta 2014 kuma ita ce kadai alamar sadaukar da kai ga wani abin da ya faru a cikin iska.
Abin da ya faru: A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1956, TWA Flight 2, Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, ya yi karo tare da Air Airlines Flight 718, Douglas DC-7 Mainliner. Bayan da jiragen sama biyu suka tashi daga filin jirgin sama na Los Angeles dake gabas, hanyarsu ta bi ta Grand Canyon a Arizona. Tare da rashin hulɗa da masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen iska da kuma tashi a cikin sararin samaniya, jiragen biyu ba su san inda sauran suke ba, kuma ba su san cewa suna kan hanzari a sararin samaniya ba.
A sakamakon haka, duka jiragen sama sun ƙare suna gudu a daidai lokacin da suke da sauri, suna haifar da haɗuwa tsakanin iska. Dukkanin rayuka 128 da ke cikin jirgin biyu sun kashe saboda sakamakon da hadarin ya faru a cikin Grand Canyon.
Abin da ya canza: Abinda ya faru ya haifar da matsala mai girma tare da kayayyakin samar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Amurka a wancan lokaci: babu kullun da ke kula da kullun a lokacin. An rarraba wutar lantarki tsakanin sojojin Amurka, wanda ke da fifiko, da sauran jiragen sama, kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Yammacin Turai ke sarrafawa. A sakamakon haka, akwai wasu matsaloli da dama da suka faru a kusa da jirgin sama na kasuwanci, ko jirgin sama na kasuwanci da ke fuskantar matsalolin kuskuren da ke cikin jirgin sama.
Shekaru biyu bayan babban bala'i na Grand Canyon, Majalisar ta kaddamar da Dokar Aviation ta 1958. Wannan dokar ta haifa wa hukumar Tarayya ta Tarayya (daga bisani Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Tarayyar Turai), wadda ta dauki iko da dukan jiragen saman Amurka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin guda daya. Tare da ingantaccen fasaha, haɗarin iska da matsalolin da ba a kusa ba sun ragu sosai, sakamakon hakan ya haifar da kwarewar iska mai zurfi ga kowa.
1977: Cutar Disaster na Tenerife
Babban hatsarin jirgin saman jirgin sama ya faru a filin jiragen sama ko filin jirgin sama amma a maimakon haka ya shiga wani filin jirgin sama a Canary Islands na Spain saboda rashin fahimtar juna tsakanin matakan jirgin biyu.
Ranar 27 ga watan Maris, 1977, jirgin sama na Tenerife ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 583, yayin da jiragen Boeing 747 biyu suka haɗu a filin jirgin sama na Los Rodeos (wanda yanzu ake kira Tenerife-North Airport)
Abin da ya faru: Saboda fashewar fashewar bam a filin jirgin saman Gran Canaria, da dama jiragen sama zuwa filin jirgin sama sun juya zuwa filin jiragen sama masu yawa a yankin, ciki har da Rukunin Airport na Tenerife. KLM Flight 4805 da Pan Am Flight 1736 su biyu Boeing 747 jirgin sama ya juya zuwa kananan filin jirgin sama saboda sakamakon Gran Canaria Airport Kulle.
Da zarar an sake bude filin jirgin sama, 747 sun buƙaci a sake sa su don samun nasarar tashi daga filin jirgin sama. An umurce jirgin saman KLM don zuwa karshen tashar jiragen sama kuma ya juya digiri 180 don shirya shigowa, yayin da jirgin Pan Pan ya umurce shi don share hanyar tafiye-tafiye ta hanyar taksi.
Gwaguni mai nauyi ya ba shi ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai ga jiragen jiragen sama biyu su kula da juna tare da juna, amma har ma na Pan Am 747 don gano hanyar da ta dace. Wani rikice-rikicen tsakanin matukan jirgin ruwa ya haifar da jirgin saman KLM ya fara shirye-shiryen tsagaita wuta kafin Pan Am 747 ya bayyana, ya haifar da mummunan haɗari wanda ya kashe mutane 583. A kan jirgin saman Pan Am, mutane 61 sun tsira daga hadarin.
Abin da ya canza: A sakamakon wannan hadarin, an riga an aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kare lafiyar nan da nan don hana lalacewar wannan girman daga sake faruwa. Ƙungiyoyin jiragen sama na duniya sun amince su yi amfani da Turanci a matsayin harshe na kowa don hulɗar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, tare da jigon kalmomin da ke tattare da dukkanin bayanai tsakanin jiragen sama. Bayan abin da ya faru a Tenerife, ana amfani da kalmar "cirewa" kawai lokacin da aka tabbatar da jirgin ya bar filin jirgin sama. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da umarni na kwarewar sabon kundin jirgi zuwa matakan gwagwarmaya, wanda hakan ya ba da muhimmanci ga yanke shawara na rukuni, maimakon mai tafiyar da jirgi na yin dukkanin yanke shawara na rukuni.
1987: Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771
Kodayake shekarun 1970 sun kasance shaida game da fashewar jirgin sama na kowa a fadin duniya, wanda ba shi da wata mawuyacin hali ko kuma mummuna kamar yadda ya faru da jirgin saman Pacific Southwest Airlines 1771. A cikin watan Disamba na 7, 1987, lokacin da aka shirya jirgin sama daga Los Angeles zuwa San Francisco a ranar 7 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1987, wani tsohon ma'aikaci ya jagoranci jirgi tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama, ya kashe 'yan jirgi kuma ya kawo jirgin sama a California Coast Central.
Abin da ya faru: Bayan sayan Pacific Southwest Airlines daga Amurkair, an kori tsohon ma'aikaci David Burke daga kamfanin ne saboda zargin da aka sace shi, bayan da ya sata dala 69 a cikin kudaden hadaddiyar giyar. Bayan kokarin ƙoƙari ya sake samun aikinsa, Burke ya sayi tikitin don jirgin ya kasance mai kula da shi, tare da niyyar kashe shi.
Burke bai juya cikin takardun shaidarsa na jiragen sama ba, yana ba shi damar kewaye tsaro tare da mai juyayi. Bayan da jirgin ya tashi ya tashi, Burke zai iya fuskantar mai kula da shi, kafin ya cajin jirgin kuma ya kashe 'yan jirgi. Daga bisani an tura sakon sarrafawa gaba, ta kawo jirgin sama a cikin tsaunin Santa Lucia tsakanin Cayucous da Paso Robles, California. Babu wanda ya tsira a cikin abin da ya faru.
Abin da ya canza: A sakamakon harin, kamfanonin jiragen sama da majalisa sun canza dokoki ga ma'aikatan filin jiragen saman. Na farko, duk wanda ya dakatar da ma'aikatan jirgin sama an buƙatar ya watsar da takardun shaidar su nan da nan, don haka ya kawar da damar yin amfani da su a yankunan filin jirgin sama. Na biyu, an sanya doka a wurin da ake buƙatar dukan ma'aikatan jirgin sama su kawar da tsarin tsaro kamar yadda fasinjoji suke. A ƙarshe dai, saboda da dama masu kula da Kamfanonin Kamfanin Chevron suna cikin wannan jirgi, yawancin kamfanoni sun canza manufofi don buƙatar masu gudanarwa su tashi a kan jiragen sama daban, a yayin wani hatsari.
1996: ValuJet Flight 592
Flyers da suke da rai a 1996 iya tunawa sosai da abin da ya faru da ya kawo ValuJet Flight 952, kuma ya kawo kyakkyawan mota mai tsada ga kansa. A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1996, McDonnell-Douglas DC-9 mai shekaru 27 da haihuwa ya tashi daga Miami zuwa Atlanta ya sauka a Florida Everglades ba da daɗewa ba bayan da ya tashi, ya kashe mutum 110 a cikin jirgin.
Abin da ya faru: Kafin cirewa, mai sayarwa na ValuJet ya kwashe akwatuna guda biyar da suka ƙare sunadaran sunadarai a kan jirgin. Maimakon filastan filastik sun rufe nauyin furanni, ana iya amfani da maɗaura da igiyoyi tare da launi. A lokacin taksi, jirgi ya sami wani jigon daga tarmac, yana canza canjin oxygen da kunna akalla daya. A sakamakon haka, zai iya fitar da oxygen kuma ya fara zafi zuwa yawan zafin jiki na fiye da digiri 500 na Fahrenheit.
A sakamakon haka, wuta ta fadi a cikin kaya mai ɗaukar nauyi, wanda mayafin zafi, kwalaye na katako, da kuma iskar oxygen ke fitowa daga can. Nan da nan wuta ta sauko cikin gidan fasinja, yayin da yake watsi da mahimmancin kula da wutar lantarki don jirgin. Kusan mintina 15 bayan da jirgin ya tashi, sai ya sauko da sauri a cikin Florida Everglades, inda ya kashe duk a ciki.
Abin da ya canza: A sakamakon hadarin da bincike, FAA ta fara sanya canje-canje a cikin jirgin saman Amurka. Na farko, duk sababbin jiragen sama da ke aiki a yanzu dole ne sun hada da shagulgular hayaki a wuraren rijiyoyin, suna bada rahoto ga tashar. Bugu da ƙari, rijiyoyin haji dole ne a shigar da tsarin kashe wuta don dakatar da kaya da kuma taimakawa wajen kiyaye jirgin sama har sai ya koma filin jirgin sama. A ƙarshe, wanda ake sayen kayan aiki a cikin kaya ya kasance yana da alhakin aikata laifuka kuma an tilasta shi ya rufe ƙofofi don kyau.
1996: TWA Flight 800
Lokacin da TWA Flight 800 ta faɗo daga sama a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1996, abin bala'i ya zama abin ƙyama. Boeing 747 ba tare da wani rikodi ba wanda ya fadi daga sama sama da minti 12 bayan cirewa daga filin jirgin sama na John F. Kennedy. Nan da nan, TWA Worldport ya zama wuri mai ban mamaki ga iyalai da ma'aikatan, yayin da duniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta haɗa ɗayan tare a kan abin da ya ɓace.
Abin da ya faru: Bayan minti 12 bayan TWA Flight 800 ya bar JFK, ya tafi Roma tare da tasha a birnin Paris, jirgin ya yi kama da fashewa don ba dalili ba a cikin dare. Wani jirgin da ke kusa da shi ya ruwaito masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a lokacin da suke ganin fashewa a kimanin mita 16,000 a cikin iska, sannan wasu rahotanni suka biyo baya. An gano ayyukan da aka ceto da ceto a shafin, amma ba a wadatar da su ba: dukkanin mutane 230 ne suka mutu a cikin mummunan fashewar.
Abin da ya canza: Bayan binciken da aka yi na tsawon lokaci wanda ya kare ta'addanci da kuma gajiya na airframe, masu binciken a Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasuwanci sun tabbatar da cewa jirgin ya fashe saboda mummunar launi. A halin da ake ciki, "babban abin da ya faru" a cikin cibiyar jirgin sama mai dauke da man fetur na iya haifar da gazawar rashin nasara, wanda ya haifar da fashewa da fashewa a cikin jirgin sama. Ko da yake an riga an gyara maɓallin zane don magance matsalolin hasken lantarki a kan jirgin sama , ba a daidaita wannan kuskure ba a kan wannan jirgin Boeing. Ta haka ne, NTSB ya bada shawarar cewa duk sababbin jiragen sama ke bin sabon tankin mai da jagororin haɗi, ciki har da ƙara tsarin tsarin nitrogen.
Bugu da ƙari, hadarin ya ba Congress damar daukar Dokar Taimakon Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Cutar Tarayya ta 1996. A karkashin dokar, NTSB ita ce hukumar ta farko da ta ba da damar saduwa da iyalan wadanda ke cikin jirgin sama, ba kamfanin jirgin sama ba. Bugu da ƙari, an haramta kamfanonin jiragen sama da kuma wakilan jam'iyyarsu daga tuntuɓar iyalai don kwanaki 30 nan da nan bayan ya faru.
Kodayake tafiya ta iska ba koyaushe ne mafi kyawun tafiya ba, sadaukar da wasu sun juya zuwa cikin mafi kwarewa kuma mafi inganci ga kowa. Ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru, ƙwararrun ƙira na gaba zasu iya tashi a fadin duniya tare da damuwa da yawa game da zuwan su.